Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced naturally by the healthy kidneys. Synthetic EPO first became available in the late 1980's, manufactured using the "recipe" encoded in human genes.

EPO is usually given in the form of an injection under the skin (a subcutaneous injection), normally one to three times per week. It can also be given intravenously during haemodialysis.

Patients usually give their EPO injections to themselves. User-friendly systems make the procedure simple and help ensure the correct dosage is given.